Exodus 22

Regulations Regarding Theft, Borrowing, and Accidental Damage or Loss

1 " 'If a man steals an ox or small livestock and slaughters it or sells it, he will make restitution with five cattle in place of the ox and with four sheep or goats in place of the small livestock.
2 " 'If a thief is found in the act of breaking in and he is struck and he dies, there is not bloodguilt for him.
3 (If the sun has risen over him, [there is] bloodguilt for him. He will make full restitution. If {he does not have enough}, he will be sold for his theft.
4 If indeed the stolen item is found {in his possession} alive, from ox to donkey to small livestock, he will make double restitution.
5 " 'If a man grazes [his livestock] in a field or a vineyard and he releases his livestock and it grazes in the field of another, he will make restitution [from] the best of his field and the best of his vineyard.
6 " 'If a fire is started and finds thorn bushes and a stack of sheaves or the standing grain or the field is consumed, the one who started the fire will surely make restitution.
7 " 'If a man gives to his neighbor money or objects to watch over and it is stolen from the house of the man, if the thief is found, he will make double restitution.
8 If the thief is not found, the owner of the house will be brought {to the sanctuary} [to learn] whether or not he reached out his hand to his neighbor's possession.
9 Concerning every account of transgression--concerning an ox, concerning a donkey, concerning small livestock, concerning clothing, concerning all lost property--where [someone] says, "This belongs to me," the matter of the two of them will come to God; whomever God declares guilty will make double restitution to his neighbor.
10 " 'If a man gives to his neighbor a donkey or an ox or small livestock or any beast to watch over and it dies or is injured or is captured [when] there is no one who sees,
11 the oath of Yahweh will be between the two of them [concerning] whether or not he has reached out his hand to his neighbor's possession, and its owner will accept [this], and he will not make restitution.
12 But if indeed it was stolen from him, he will make restitution to its owner.
13 If indeed it was torn to pieces, he will bring it as evidence--the mangled carcass; he will not make restitution.
14 " 'If a man borrows from his neighbor and it is injured or dies [while] its owner is not with it, he will make restitution.
15 If its owner [was] with it, he will not make restitution; if it was hired, it came with its hiring fee.

Regulations Regarding Various Offences

16 " 'If a man seduces a virgin who is not engaged and he lies with her, he surely will give her bride price {to have her as his wife}.
17 If her father absolutely refuses to give her to him, he will weigh out money according to the bride price for the virgin.
18 " 'You will not let a witch live.
19 " 'Anyone lying with an animal will surely be put to death.
20 " 'Whoever sacrifices to the gods--not to Yahweh, to him alone--will be destroyed.

Regulations Regarding Foreigners and the Poor

21 " 'You will not mistreat an alien, and you will not oppress him, because you were aliens in the land of Egypt.
22 " 'You will not afflict any widow or orphan.
23 If you indeed afflict him, yes, if he cries out at all to me, I will certainly hear his cry of distress.
24 And {I will become angry}, and I will kill you with the sword, and your wives will be widows and your children orphans.
25 " 'If you lend money [to] my people, [to] the needy with you, you will not be to him as a creditor; you will not {charge him interest}.
26 If indeed you require the cloak of your neighbor as a pledge, you will return it to him at sundown,
27 because it is his only garment; it is his cloak for his skin. In what will he sleep? {And} when he cries out to me, I will hear, because I [am] gracious.

Regulations Regarding Tribute and Holiness

28 " 'You will not curse God, and you will not curse a leader among your people.
29 " 'You will not delay the fullness of your harvest and the juice from your press; you will give me the firstborn of your sons.
30 You will do likewise for your ox and for your sheep and goats; seven days it will be with its mother; on the eighth, you will give it to me.
31 And you will be men of holiness for me; and you will not eat meat [from] a carcass mangled in the field; you will throw it to the dog.

Exodus 22 Commentary

Chapter 22

Judicial laws.

- The people of God should ever be ready to show mildness and mercy, according to the spirit of these laws. We must answer to God, not only for what we do maliciously, but for what we do heedlessly. Therefore, when we have done harm to our neighbour, we should make restitution, though not compelled by law. Let these scriptures lead our souls to remember, that if the grace of God has indeed appeared to us, then it has taught us, and enabled us so to conduct ourselves by its holy power, that denying ungodliness and wordly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly in this present world, ( Titus 2:12 ) . And the grace of God teaches us, that as the Lord is our portion, there is enough in him to satisfy all the desires of our souls.

Footnotes 10

  • [a]. Exodus 22:1-31 in the English Bible is 21:37-22:30 in the Hebrew Bible
  • [b]. Literally "there is not to him"
  • [c]. Literally "in his hand"
  • [d]. Literally "to God" or perhaps "to the judges"
  • [e]. Or "the judges"
  • [f]. Literally "for him for a woman"
  • [g]. Literally "my nose will burn"
  • [h]. Literally "put on him interest"
  • [i]. Literally "And it will be"
  • [j]. Or "a judge"

Chapter Summary

INTRODUCTION TO EXODUS 22

This chapter contains various laws concerning theft, Ex 22:1-4, concerning damage done to fields and vineyards by beasts, and to corn in stacks or standing, by fire, Ex 22:5,6, concerning anything or creature deposited in the hands of a neighbour, and they be stolen or lost by one means or another, Ex 22:7-13, concerning anything borrowed, and it comes to any damage, Ex 22:14,15, concerning fornication, Ex 22:16,17 concerning witchcraft, bestiality, and idolatry, Ex 22:18-20 concerning oppression, and affliction of the stranger, fatherless, and widow, Ex 22:21-24 concerning taking usury and pledges, Ex 22:25-27, concerning irreverence to magistrates, Ex 22:28, concerning the offering of firstfruits to God, Ex 22:29,30 and the chapter is concluded with a prohibition of eating anything torn by beasts, Ex 22:31.

Exodus 22 Commentaries

Scripture quotations marked (LEB) are from the Lexham English Bible. Copyright 2012 Logos Bible Software. Lexham is a registered trademark of Logos Bible Software.