1 Peter 1:17-23

17 If you ¹address as Father the One who ²impartially ³judges according to each one's work, conduct yourselves ⁴in fear during the time of your ⁵stay on earth;

18 knowing that you were not ^[a]6redeemed with perishable things like silver or gold from your ⁷futile way of life inherited from your forefathers,

19 but with precious ⁸blood, as of a ⁹lamb unblemished and spotless, the blood of Christ.

20 For He was ¹⁰foreknown before ¹¹the foundation of the world, but has ¹²appeared ^[b]in these last times ¹³for the sake of you

21 who through Him are ¹⁴believers in God, who raised Him from the dead and ¹⁵gave Him glory, so that your faith and ¹⁶hope are in God.

22 Since you have ¹⁷in obedience to the truth ¹⁸purified your souls for a ^[c]19sincere love of the brethren, fervently love one another from ^[d]the heart,

23 for you have been ²⁰born again ²¹not of seed which is perishable but imperishable, that is, through the living and enduring ²²word of God.

1 Peter 1:17-23 Meaning and Commentary

INTRODUCTION TO 1 PETER

That Simon, called Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, was the writer of this epistle, is not questioned by any; nor was the genuineness and authenticity of it ever made a doubt of. Eusebius says {a}, that it had been confessed by all, and received without controversy; and that the ancients, without any scruple, had made use of it in their writings. It is called his "general", or catholic epistle, because it was not written to any particular person, or to any particular church, but in general, to a number of Christians dispersed in several places. The time when this epistle was written is not certain; some place it in the year of Christ 44 or 45, and so make it to be the most ancient of all the epistles, and which is the more commonly received opinion; but Dr. Lightfoot {b} places it in the year 65, because in it the apostle speaks of the end of all things being at hand, and of the fiery trial just coming on them, and of judgment beginning at the house of God, 1Pe 4:7,12,17 all which he applies to the destruction of Jerusalem; though others fix it to 61, in the seventh year of Nero {c}. The place from whence it seems to be written was Babylon, 1Pe 5:13 which is to be understood not figuratively, either of Rome or Jerusalem, but properly of Babylon, the metropolis of Chaldea, or Assyria. The persons to whom it is written were Jews, at least chiefly; for there might be some Gentiles among them, who may be taken notice of in some parts of the epistle; but the principal part were Jews, as appears from their being called the strangers of the dispersion, or, as James calls them, "the twelve tribes scattered abroad"; from the mention of the tradition of their fathers; from their having their conversation honest among the Gentiles, and their past life among them; from urging subjection to the civil magistrates among the Heathens, and the right use of their Christian liberty as to the ceremonies of the law; and from the near destruction of Jerusalem, which could only affect them; and from the use made of the writings of the Old Testament, and the authority of the prophets; see \1Pe 1:1,18 2:12 4:3 2:13,16 4:7,12,17\ as well as from the second epistle, which was written to the same; see \2Pe 1:19 2:1 3:1,2,15\ in which he seems to refer to the epistle to the Hebrews, written by Paul, as to these. And besides, Peter was the minister of the circumcision, or of the circumcised Jews, as Paul was of the Gentiles; and even those passages in this epistle, which seem most likely to concern the Gentiles, may be understood of the Jews, as which speak of their ignorance, idolatry, and having not been a people, \1Pe 1:14 4:3 2:10\ which were true of them before conversion, and as living among Gentiles. The occasion of writing it was this; Peter meeting with Sylvanus, a faithful brother, and who had been a companion of the Apostle Paul, he takes this opportunity of sending a letter by him to the converted Jews, dispersed among the Gentile countries, where he, with Paul, and others, travelled: the design of which is to testify of the true doctrine of grace, in which they were agreed; see 1Pe 5:12. And accordingly in it he does treat of the doctrine of electing grace, of redeeming grace, of regenerating and sanctifying grace, and of persevering grace; and exhorts believers to the exercise of grace, of faith, hope, and love, and to the discharge of such duties becoming their several stations, whereby they might evidence to others the truth of grace in themselves, and adorn the doctrine of the grace of God, and recommend it to others: and particularly he exhorts them patiently to bear all afflictions and persecutions they should meet with, for their profession of the true grace of God, in which he encourages them to stand steadfast: and this is the general scope and design of the epistle.

{a} Eccl. Hist. l. 3. c. 3. {b} Harmony Vol. I. p. 335. {c} Fabricii Bibliothec. Graec. l. 4. c. 5. sect. 10. p. 164.

\\INTRODUCTION TO 1 PETER 1\\

In this chapter, after the inscription and salutation, the apostle gives thanks to God for various blessings of grace bestowed, or to be bestowed upon the persons he writes to; and then, with the best of arguments and motives, urges them to the performance of several duties of religion. In the inscription, the person who is the writer of the epistle is described, both by his name, and by his office; and also the persons to whom it is sent, by their outward condition, strangers dispersed through several countries particularly mentioned, and by their spiritual estate, elect men; the source and spring of which election is the foreknowledge of God the Father; the means, the sanctification of the Spirit; and the end, obedience, and sprinkling of the blood of Christ; and to these the apostle wishes a multiplication of grace and peace, 1Pe 1:1,2 and then he gives thanks to God for the regeneration of them; the efficient cause of which is God the Father; the moving cause, his abundant mercy; the means, the resurrection of Christ from the dead; the end, a lively hope of a glorious inheritance, 1Pe 1:3,4 and next follows a description of regenerate ones; they are such who are kept by the power of God through faith, unto salvation; who rejoice in hope of that salvation, though now for a little while are sorrowful, by reason of afflictions, which are for the trial of their faith; they are believers in Christ, lovers of him, and rejoice in him, and shall at last receive the end of their faith, the salvation of their souls, 1Pe 1:5-9 the excellency of which salvation is set forth from the concern the prophets had in it, the scrutiny they made into it, and the revelation of it made to them; from the concern the apostles had in it, and their report of it, and from the desire of angels to look into it, 1Pe 1:10-12 upon which the apostle exhorts to the exercise of various graces and duties, to attention of mind, to sobriety, to a constant hope of eternal glory, and to holiness of life and conversation, 1Pe 1:13,14 the arguments engaging to which are taken from the nature of God, who had called them by his grace, 1Pe 1:15,16 from their concern with him, as a Father and a judge; from their state and condition, as sojourners in this world, and from their redemption by the blood of Christ from a vain conversation, 1Pe 1:17-19 and of Christ, the Redeemer of them, many things are said, as that he was ordained before the foundation of the world to be the Redeemer; was manifested in human nature in these last days, for the sake of such that believe; was raised from the dead, and glorified, that there might be a sufficient foundation for the exercise of faith and hope in God, 1Pe 1:20,21 and next the apostle exhorts to brotherly love, in purity, and with fervency; from the consideration of the internal purification of them by the Spirit, through obedience to the truth; and from their regeneration, the cause of which was not corruptible, but incorruptible seed; and the means, the living and abiding word of God, 1Pe 1:22,23 which is illustrated by a passage out of Isa 40:6-8 setting forth the frailty and mortality of men, and the transitoriness of all outward enjoyments; to which is opposed the duration of the everlasting Gospel, the means of regeneration, 1Pe 1:24,25.

Cross References

• 1. Psalms 89:26; Jeremiah 3:19; Matthew 6:9
• 2. Acts 10:34
• 3. Matthew 16:27
• 4. 2 Corinthians 7:1; Hebrews 12:28; 1 Peter 3:15
• 5. 1 Peter 2:11
• 6. Isaiah 52:3; 1 Corinthians 6:20; Titus 2:14; Hebrews 9:12
• 7. Ephesians 4:17
• 8. Acts 20:28; 1 Peter 1:2
• 9. John 1:29
• 10. Acts 2:23; Ephesians 1:4; 1 Peter 1:2; Revelation 13:8
• 11. Matthew 25:34
• 12. Hebrews 9:26
• 13. Hebrews 2:14
• 14. Romans 4:24; Romans 10:9
• 15. John 17:5, 24; 1 Timothy 3:16; Hebrews 2:9
• 16. 1 Peter 1:3
• 17. 1 Peter 1:2
• 18. James 4:8
• 19. John 13:34; Romans 12:10; Hebrews 13:1; 1 Peter 2:17; 1 Peter 3:8
• 20. John 3:3; 1 Peter 1:3
• 21. John 1:13
• 22. Hebrews 4:12

Footnotes

• [a]. Or "ransomed"
• [b]. Lit "at the end of the times"
• [c]. Lit "unhypocritical"
• [d]. Two early mss read "a clean heart"