Éxodo 12

1 La primera Pascua
Mientras los israelitas todavía estaban en la tierra de Egipto, el Señor
dio las siguientes instrucciones a Moisés y a Aarón:

2 «A partir de ahora, este mes será el primer mes del año para ustedes.

3 Anuncien a toda la comunidad de Israel que el décimo día de este mes cada familia deberá seleccionar un cordero o un cabrito para hacer un sacrificio, un animal por cada casa.

4 Si una familia es demasiado pequeña para comer el animal entero, lo compartirá con una familia vecina. Dividan el animal según el tamaño de cada familia y la cantidad que cada uno pueda comer.

5 El animal seleccionado deberá ser un macho de oveja o de cabra, de un año y que no tenga ningún defecto.

6 »Cuiden bien al animal seleccionado hasta la tarde del día catorce de este primer mes. Entonces toda la asamblea de la comunidad de Israel matará su cordero o cabrito al anochecer.

7 Después tomarán parte de la sangre y la untarán en ambos lados y en la parte superior del marco de la puerta de la casa donde comen el animal.

8 Esa misma noche, asarán la carne al fuego y la comerán acompañada de hojas verdes y amargas, y pan sin levadura.

9 No comerán nada de la carne ni cruda ni hervida en agua. Asarán al fuego el animal entero con la cabeza, las patas y las entrañas.

10 No dejen ninguna sobra para el día siguiente. Quemen todo lo que no hayan comido antes de la mañana.

11 »Estas son las instrucciones para cuando coman esa comida: estén totalmente vestidos,
lleven puestas las sandalias y tengan su bastón en la mano. Coman de prisa, porque es la Pascua del Señor
.

12 Esa noche pasaré por la tierra de Egipto y heriré de muerte a todo primer hijo varón y a la primera cría macho de los animales en la tierra de Egipto. Ejecutaré juicio contra todos los dioses de Egipto, ¡porque yo soy el Señor
!

13 Pero la sangre sobre los marcos de las puertas servirá de señal para indicar las casas donde ustedes estén. Cuando yo vea la sangre, pasaré de largo. Esa plaga de muerte no los tocará a ustedes cuando yo hiera la tierra de Egipto.

14 »Este será un día para recordar. Cada año, de generación en generación, deberán celebrarlo como un festival especial al Señor
. Esta es una ley para siempre.

15 Durante siete días, tendrán que preparar sin levadura todo el pan que coman. El primer día del festival, quiten de sus casas todo rastro de levadura. Cualquiera que coma pan con levadura en esos siete días del festival quedará excluido de la comunidad de Israel.

16 El primer día del festival y también el séptimo, todo el pueblo celebrará un día oficial de asamblea santa. Está prohibido hacer cualquier tipo de trabajo en esos días excepto para la preparación de alimentos.

17 »Celebren el Festival de los Panes sin Levadura, porque les recordará que este mismo día yo saqué a sus grandes multitudes de la tierra de Egipto. Ese festival será para ustedes una ley perpetua; celebren este día de generación en generación.

18 Tendrán que preparar sin levadura todo el pan que coman desde la tarde del día catorce del primer mes hasta la tarde del día veintiuno del mismo mes.

19 Durante esos siete días, no debe haber ni un rastro de levadura en sus casas. Cualquiera que coma algo preparado con levadura durante esta semana será excluido de la comunidad de Israel. Estas ordenanzas se aplican tanto a los extranjeros que viven entre ustedes como a los israelitas de nacimiento.

20 Durante esos días, no coman nada que tenga levadura. Dondequiera que vivan, coman pan únicamente sin levadura».

21 Luego Moisés mandó llamar a todos los ancianos de Israel y les dijo: «Vayan y seleccionen un cordero o un cabrito por cada una de sus familias y maten el animal para la Pascua.

22 Dejen escurrir la sangre en una vasija, después tomen un manojo de ramas de hisopo y mójenlo en la sangre. Con el hisopo unten la sangre en la parte superior y en ambos lados del marco de la puerta de sus casas. Que nadie salga de la casa hasta la mañana,

23 pues el Señor
pasará por la región para herir de muerte a los egipcios. Pero cuando él vea la sangre en la parte superior y en ambos lados del marco de la puerta, el Señor
pasará esa casa de largo. No permitirá que su ángel de la muerte entre en las casas de ustedes y los hiera de muerte.

24 »Recuerden que estas instrucciones son una ley perpetua que ustedes y sus descendientes deberán obedecer para siempre.

25 Cuando entren en la tierra que el Señor
ha prometido darles, seguirán celebrando esta ceremonia.

26 Entonces sus hijos preguntarán: “¿Qué significa esta ceremonia?”.

27 Y ustedes contestarán: “Es el sacrificio de la Pascua del Señor
, porque él pasó de largo las casas de los israelitas en Egipto. Y aunque hirió de muerte a los egipcios, salvó a nuestras familias”». Cuando Moisés terminó de hablar, todos los presentes se postraron hasta el suelo y adoraron.

28 Así que el pueblo de Israel hizo tal como el Señor
había ordenado por medio de Moisés y Aarón.

29 Esa medianoche, el Señor
hirió de muerte a todos los primeros hijos varones de la tierra de Egipto, desde el hijo mayor del faraón, el que se sentaba en su trono, hasta el hijo mayor del preso en el calabozo. Incluso mató a las primeras crías de todos sus animales.

30 Entonces el faraón, sus funcionarios y todo el pueblo de Egipto se despertaron durante la noche, y se oyó un lamento desgarrador por toda la tierra de Egipto. No había ni una sola casa donde alguien no hubiera muerto.

31 El éxodo de Israel de Egipto
Esa noche el faraón mandó llamar a Moisés y a Aarón y les dijo a gritos: «¡Lárguense! ¡Váyanse! ¡Dejen en paz a mi pueblo —les ordenó— y llévense a todos los demás israelitas con ustedes! Vayan y adoren al Señor
como han pedido.

32 Llévense sus rebaños y sus manadas, como dijeron, y márchense ya. Váyanse, pero bendíganme al salir».

33 Todos los egipcios apresuraban al pueblo de Israel a que abandonara la tierra cuanto antes, porque pensaban: «¡Todos moriremos!».

34 Entonces los israelitas se llevaron su masa de pan sin agregarle levadura. Envolvieron las tablas de amasar en sus mantos y las cargaron sobre los hombros.

35 Los israelitas hicieron lo que Moisés les había indicado: pidieron a los egipcios ropa y objetos de plata y de oro.

36 Y el Señor
hizo que los egipcios miraran con agrado a los israelitas, y dieron al pueblo de Israel todo lo que pidió. ¡Así despojaron a los egipcios de sus riquezas!

37 Esa noche el pueblo de Israel salió de Ramsés y emprendió viaje hacia Sucot. Eran unos seiscientos mil hombres,
además de las mujeres y los niños.

38 Con ellos salió una gentuza que no era israelita, junto con grandes rebaños y manadas.

39 Hornearon pan plano de la masa sin levadura que habían sacado de Egipto. La masa no tenía levadura porque los israelitas fueron expulsados de Egipto con tanto apuro que no tuvieron tiempo de preparar pan ni cualquier otro alimento.

40 El pueblo de Israel había vivido cuatrocientos treinta años en Egipto.

41 De hecho, fue precisamente el día en que se cumplían los cuatrocientos treinta años que toda esa gran multitud del Señor
salió de Egipto.

42 Esa misma noche, el Señor
cumplió su promesa de sacar a su pueblo de la tierra de Egipto. Así que esa noche le pertenece a él y por eso todos los israelitas deberán conmemorarla cada año, de generación en generación.

43 Instrucciones para la Pascua
Luego el Señor
les dijo a Moisés y a Aarón: «Estas son las instrucciones para el festival de la Pascua: ninguna persona extranjera podrá comer la cena de Pascua,

44 pero cualquier esclavo que haya sido comprado podrá comerla si está circuncidado.

45 Los residentes temporales y los jornaleros tampoco podrán comerla.

46 En cada casa se comerá un solo cordero de Pascua. No saquen nada de la carne fuera de la casa ni quiebren ninguno de los huesos.

47 Toda la comunidad de Israel debe celebrar el festival de la Pascua.

48 »Si los extranjeros que viven entre ustedes desean celebrar la Pascua del Señor
, que primero se circunciden todos sus varones. Solo entonces podrán celebrar la Pascua con ustedes como cualquier israelita de nacimiento. Pero un varón incircunciso jamás comerá la cena de la Pascua.

49 Esta instrucción se aplica a todos, tanto a israelitas de nacimiento como a extranjeros que vivan entre ustedes».

50 Entonces todo el pueblo de Israel cumplió todos los mandatos del Señor
que les dio a Moisés y a Aarón.

51 Ese mismo día el Señor
sacó de Egipto al pueblo de Israel como un ejército.

Éxodo 12 Commentary

Chapter 12

The beginning of the year changed, The passover instituted. (1-20) The people instructed how to observe the passover. (21-28) The death of the first-born of the Egyptians The Israelites urged to leave the land of Egypt. (29-36) The Israelites' first journey to Succoth. (37-42) Ordinance respecting the passover. (43-51)

Verses 1-20 The Lord makes all things new to those whom he delivers from the bondage of Satan, and takes to himself to be his people. The time when he does this is to them the beginning of a new life. God appointed that, on the night wherein they were to go out of Egypt, each family should kill a lamb, or that two or three families, if small, should kill one lamb. This lamb was to be eaten in the manner here directed, and the blood to be sprinkled on the door-posts, to mark the houses of the Israelites from those of the Egyptians. The angel of the Lord, when destroying the first-born of the Egyptians, would pass over the houses marked by the blood of the lamb: hence the name of this holy feast or ordinance. The passover was to be kept every year, both as a remembrance of Israel's preservation and deliverance out of Egypt, and as a remarkable type of Christ. Their safety and deliverance were not a reward of their own righteousness, but the gift of mercy. Of this they were reminded, and by this ordinance they were taught, that all blessings came to them through the shedding and sprinkling of blood. Observe, 1. The paschal lamb was typical. Christ is our passover, #1Co. 5:7 |. Christ is the Lamb of God, ( John 1:29 ) ; often in the Revelation he is called the Lamb. It was to be in its prime; Christ offered up himself in the midst of his days, not when a babe at Bethlehem. It was to be without blemish; the Lord Jesus was a Lamb without spot: the judge who condemned Christ declared him innocent. It was to be set apart four days before, denoting the marking out of the Lord Jesus to be a Saviour, both in the purpose and in the promise. It was to be slain, and roasted with fire, denoting the painful sufferings of the Lord Jesus, even unto death, the death of the cross. The wrath of God is as fire, and Christ was made a curse for us. Not a bone of it must be broken, which was fulfilled in Christ, Joh. 19:33 , denoting the unbroken strength of the Lord Jesus. 2. The sprinkling of the blood was typical. The blood of the lamb must be sprinkled, denoting the applying of the merits of Christ's death to our souls; we must receive the atonement, ( Romans 5:11 ) . Faith is the bunch of hyssop, by which we apply the promises, and the benefits of the blood of Christ laid up in them, to ourselves. It was to be sprinkled on the door-posts, denoting the open profession we are to make of faith in Christ. It was not to be sprinkled upon the threshold; which cautions us to take heed of trampling under foot the blood of the covenant. It is precious blood, and must be precious to us. The blood, thus sprinkled, was a means of preserving the Israelites from the destroying angel, who had nothing to do where the blood was. The blood of Christ is the believer's protection from the wrath of God, the curse of the law, and the damnation of hell, ( Romans 8:1 ) . 3. The solemn eating of the lamb was typical of our gospel duty to Christ. The paschal lamb was not to be looked upon only, but to be fed upon. So we must by faith make Christ our own; and we must receive spiritual strength and nourishment from him, as from our food, see ( john 6:53 john 6:55 ) . It was all to be eaten; those who by faith feed upon Christ, must feed upon a whole Christ; they must take Christ and his yoke, Christ and his cross, as well as Christ and his crown. It was to be eaten at once, not put by till morning. To-day Christ is offered, and is to be accepted while it is called to-day, before we sleep the sleep of death. It was to be eaten with bitter herbs, in remembrance of the bitterness of their bondage in Egypt; we must feed upon Christ with sorrow and brokenness of heart, in remembrance of sin. Christ will be sweet to us, if sin be bitter. It was to be eaten standing, with their staves in their hands, as being ready to depart. When we feed upon Christ by faith, we must forsake the rule and the dominion of sin; sit loose to the world, and every thing in it; forsake all for Christ, and reckon it no bad bargain, ( hebrews 13:13 hebrews 13:14 ) . 4. The feast of unleavened bread was ( 1 Corinthians. 5:7 ) Christ Jesus the Lord, we must continually delight ourselves in Christ Jesus. No manner of work must be done, that is, no care admitted and indulged, which does not agree with, or would lessen this holy joy. The Jews were very strict as to the passover, so that no leaven should be found in their houses. It must be a feast kept in charity, without the leaven of malice; and in sincerity, without the leaven of hypocrisy. It was by an ordinance for ever; so long as we live we must continue feeding upon Christ, rejoicing in him always, with thankful mention of the great things he has done for us.

Verses 21-28 That night, when the first-born were to be destroyed, no Israelite must stir out of doors till called to march out of Egypt. Their safety was owing to the blood of sprinkling. If they put themselves from under the protection of that, it was at their peril. They must stay within, to wait for the salvation of the Lord; it is good to do so. In after-times they should carefully teach their children the meaning of this service. It is good for children to ask about the things of God; they that ask for the way will find it. The keeping of this solemnity every year was, 1. To look backward, that they might remember what great things God had done for them and their fathers. Old mercies, to ourselves, or to our fathers, must not be forgotten, that God may be praised, and our faith in him encouraged. 2. It was designed to look forward, as an earnest of the great sacrifice of the Lamb of God in the fulness of time. Christ our passover was sacrificed for us; his death was our life.

Verses 29-36 The Egyptians had been for three days and nights kept in anxiety and horror by the darkness; now their rest is broken by a far more terrible calamity. The plague struck their first-born, the joy and hope of their families. They had slain the Hebrews' children, now God slew theirs. It reached from the throne to the dungeon: prince and peasant stand upon the same level before God's judgments. The destroying angel entered every dwelling unmarked with blood, as the messenger of woe. He did his dreadful errand, leaving not a house in which there was not one dead. Imagine then the cry that rang through the land of Egypt, the long, loud shriek of agony that burst from every dwelling. It will be thus in that dreadful hour when the Son of man shall visit sinners with the last judgment. God's sons, his first-born, were now released. Men had better come to God's terms at first, for he will never come to theirs. Now Pharaoh's pride is abased, and he yields. God's word will stand; we get nothing by disputing, or delaying to submit. In this terror the Egyptians would purchase the favour and the speedy departure of Israel. Thus the Lord took care that their hard-earned wages should be paid, and the people provided for their journey.

Verses 37-42 The children of Israel set forward without delay. A mixed multitude went with them. Some, perhaps, willing to leave their country, laid waste by plagues; others, out of curiosity; perhaps a few out of love to them and their religion. But there were always those among the Israelites who were not Israelites. Thus there are still hypocrites in the church. This great event was 430 years from the promise made to Abraham: see ( Galatians 3:17 ) . So long the promise of a settlement was unfulfilled. But though God's promises are not performed quickly, they will be, in their season. This is that night of the Lord, that remarkable night, to be celebrated in all generations. The great things God does for his people, are to be not only a few days' wonder, but to be remembered throughout all ages; especially the work of our redemption by Christ. This first passover-night was a night of the Lord, much to be observed; but the last passover-night, in which Christ was betrayed and in which the first passover, with the rest of the Jewish ceremonies, was done away, was a night of the Lord, much more to be observed. Then a yoke, heavier than that of Egypt, was broken from off our necks, and a land, better than that of Canaan, set before us. It was a redemption to be celebrated in heaven, for ever and ever.

Verses 43-51 In times to come, all the congregation of Israel must keep the passover. All that share in God's mercies should join in thankful praises for them. The New Testament passover, the Lord's supper, ought not to be neglected by any. Strangers, if circumcised, might eat of the passover. Here is an early indication of favour to the gentiles. This taught the Jews that their being a nation favoured by God, entitled them to their privileges, not their descent from Abraham. Christ our passover ( 1 Corinthians. 5:7 1 Corinthians. 5:8 ) for our souls; without the shedding of it there is no remission; without the sprinkling of it there can be no salvation. Have we, by faith in him, sheltered our souls from deserved vengeance under the protection of his atoning blood? Do we keep close to him, constantly depending upon him? Do we so profess our faith in the Redeemer, and our obligations to him, that all who pass by may know to whom we belong? Do we stand prepared for his service, ready to walk in his ways, and to separate ourselves from his enemies? These are questions of vast importance to the soul; may the Lord direct our consciences honestly to answer them.

Chapter Summary

INTRODUCTION TO EXODUS 12

This chapter begins with observing, that the month in which the above wonders were wrought in Egypt, and the following ordinance appointed to the Israelites, should hereafter be reckoned the first month in the year, Ex 12:1,2 on the tenth day of which a lamb here described was to be taken and kept till the fourteenth, and then slain, and its blood sprinkled on the posts of the houses of the Israelites, Ex 12:3-7, the manner of dressing and eating it is shown, Ex 12:8-11 and the reason of the institution of this ordinance being given, Ex 12:12-14, and an order to eat unleavened bread during seven days, in which the feast was to be kept, Ex 12:15-20, directions are also given for the immediate observance of it, and particularly about the sprinkling of the blood of the lamb, and the use of it, Ex 12:21-23, and this ordinance, which they were to instruct their children in, was to be kept by them in succeeding ages for ever, Ex 12:24-27 about the middle of the night it was first observed, all the firstborn in Egypt were slain, which made the Egyptians urgent upon the Israelites to depart in haste, Ex 12:28-33 and which they did with their unleavened dough, and with great riches they had borrowed of the Egyptians, Ex 12:34-36, the number of the children of Israel at the time of their departure, the mixed multitude and cattle that went with them, their baking their unleavened cakes, the time of their sojourning in Egypt, and of their coming out of it that night, which made it a remarkable one, are all particularly taken notice of, Ex 12:37-42, laws and rules are given concerning the persons that should partake of the passover, Ex 12:43-49 and the chapter is concluded with observing, that it was kept according to the command of God, and that it was on the same day it was first instituted and kept that Israel were brought out of Egypt, Ex 12:50,51.